01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 33

Theodoros Ralli

Resting in a Greek Monastery

Oil on canvas

38 x 56 cm

Private collection

A pious young woman wearing colourful clothing, exhibiting human weakness by falling asleep within a cloistered monastery. A passing monk stares disapprovingly at her as several pass, wearing the heavy, sombre robes of their calling. Ralli (1852 - 1909). Sotheby’s, London 

Théodore Jacques Ralli or Theodorus Rallis (Constantinople, 16 February 1852 – 2 October 1909, Lausanne) was a Greek painter, watercolourist and draughtsman, who spent most of his working life in France and Egypt.

He painted genre works, portraits, local figures, architectural subjects, interiors with figures and animals. But he is best known for his orientalist paintings.

He was sent to Paris under the patronage of King Otto of Greece and studied under Jean-Léon Gérôme, and under Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouy, both known for their orientalist paintings.

Ralli then travelled widely in North Africa and the Middle East, settling for a while in Cairo, Egypt. Here he found his inspiration for the romantic mysticism and suggestive sensuality of his many orientalistic paintings. His paintings were elaborated with great attention to detail, with great attention to costumes and facial expressions. 

Rallis first exhibition was at the Salon in 1875. From 1879 he regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy in London. He was a member of the Société des Artistes Français, where he received an honourable mention in 1885, and a silver medal in 1889 for his whole work He exhibited his paintings in the Salon de Rouen (1897, 1903, 1906 and 1909) and also in Athens during the Olympic Games of 1896. He also served as a member of the competition jury in 1900 at the Exposition Universelle.In 1901 he became a Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur. More on Theodoros Rallis

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02 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 32

Theodoros Rallis (1852-1909)

The Captive (Turkish Plunder), 1885

Oil on canvas

60 by 81.5cm., 23½ by 32in.

Private collection

Rallis painted this less than ten years after a Bulgarian uprising against the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The Turks' bashi-bazouk irregular soldiers were accused of many massacres and other atrocities, including seizing Bulgarian girls to be sold into harems. In this painting a young woman stands with her hands bound next to a pile of stolen valuables in a ruined Orthodox Christian church. Rallis painted a similar painting, Booty, about twenty years later (below).

Theodoros Rallis (1852-1909)

The Booty, circa 1905

Oil on canvas

Height: 133 cm (52.3 in); Width: 100 cm (39.3 in)

National Gallery - Alexandros Soutsos Museum, Greece

Théodore Jacques Ralli or Theodorus Rallis (Constantinople, 16 February 1852 – 2 October 1909, Lausanne) was a Greek painter, watercolourist and draughtsman, who spent most of his working life in France and Egypt.

He painted genre works, portraits, local figures, architectural subjects, interiors with figures and animals. But he is best known for his orientalist paintings.

He was sent to Paris under the patronage of King Otto of Greece and studied under Jean-Léon Gérôme, and under Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouy, both known for their orientalist paintings.

Ralli then travelled widely in North Africa and the Middle East, settling for a while in Cairo, Egypt. Here he found his inspiration for the romantic mysticism and suggestive sensuality of his many orientalistic paintings. His paintings were elaborated with great attention to detail, with great attention to costumes and facial expressions. 

Rallis first exhibition was at the Salon in 1875. From 1879 he regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy in London. He was a member of the Société des Artistes Français, where he received an honourable mention in 1885, and a silver medal in 1889 for his whole work He exhibited his paintings in the Salon de Rouen (1897, 1903, 1906 and 1909) and also in Athens during the Olympic Games of 1896. He also served as a member of the competition jury in 1900 at the Exposition Universelle.In 1901 he became a Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur. More on Theodoros Rallis

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 31

Alphonse Pellet, (French, 19th Century)

In the seraglio/ Harem Nude Bathing

Oil on canvas

59 x 39in (150 x 99cm)

Private collection

A seraglio or serail is the sequestered living quarters used by wives and concubines in an Ottoman household. The term harem is a generic term for domestic spaces reserved for women in a Muslim family, which can also refer to the women themselves. The Ottoman imperial harem was known in Ottoman Turkish as Harem-i Hümâyûn. More on a seraglio

Louis-Alphonse Moreau was born in New Orleans, United States. Maureau, according to Edgar Degas' recommendation, participated in the Third Exhibition of Impressionists in 1877.

In 1881, Alphonse Maureau exhibited at the Hôtel Drouot. More on Louis-Alphonse Moreau 

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 24

François Schommer, (French,1850-1935)

The beautiful dancer, c. 1885

Oil on canvas

173 x 112 cm. (68.1 x 44.1 in.)

Private collection

François Schommer, born in Paris on November 20 , 1850 and died in Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1935, was an academic painter, aquafortist and French decorator .

Schommer exhibited at the Paris Salons and at the Salons of French Artists from 1870 to 1935 2 , 1 . In 1878, he obtained the first prize of Rome with his canvas Caesar Augustus at the tomb of Alexander . He then received the silver medal at the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1889 , then at that of 1900. Appointed professor at the Paris School of Fine Artsin 1910 he became a member of the Institute in 1924.

He was appointed Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1890, before being promoted to Officer of the same order.

François Schommer is considered a great artist by the Mariani Album and by the Revue de l'Art which notes that Schommer is "a man of beautiful culture and whose friendships for half a century were among the elite of the academic art and Parisian society."

Schommer is best known as a painter of history , religious subjects and genre scenes . He also made watercolors , the drawings , the illustrations and decorations. He has decorated the ceilings of the new Sorbonne , the City Hall of Tours, the School of Fine Arts in Paris , and has made two panels - Alceste and Rodrigue - for the foyer of the Odeon Theater. in Paris 

He is buried in Paris at the Père-Lachaise cemetery. More on François Schommer

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 40

Otto Pilny, (Swiss artist; 1866-1936)

The Slave Market, c. 1910

Oil on canvas

520 x 347 mm, 20.5 x 13.6 in

Private collection

In an art historical context, Harem scenes depicted domestic spaces for the women in the Muslim societies, the males were only included in barbaric and sexual relations. This painting presents an unspecific Middle Eastern or North African setting in which a man inspects a nude, female slave. Women were depicted with a passive sexuality, while the men were depicted as violent and disrespectful towards women. More on this painting

Otto Pilny was a Swiss painter. He was born in 1866 in Budweis and died in 1936 in Zürich. He began his artistic education in Prague and lived in Vienna for a time before ultimately settling in Zurich. He travelled to Egypt twice, making his first visit in 1875 where he stayed for two years. He was so captivated by the landscape, people and their mores that he spent the rest of his career painting Orientalist works. He was particularly taken by the Bedouin customs and often travelled with them into the desert where he could sketch the evening entertainment which he would later use on his massive canvases. His second visit to the East was from 1889 to 1892. It was at this time that his work pleased the King of Egypt, Abbas II, and he was asked to decorate the order of the Medjidije. More Otto Pilny 

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 39

Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1847 - 1928, AMERICAN

DETAIL, ARAB WOMEN ON A ROOFTOP, ALGIERS BEYOND

Oil on canvas

17 7/8 by 30 3/4 in., 45.4 by 78.1 cm

Private collection

Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet (12 April 1840, Uzès - 11 April 1920, Paris) was a French painter and engraver; best known for his historical and costume genre scenes. His father was the owner of a café and a liqueur manufacturer who moved his family to Lyon in 1846. He began by studying engraving at the École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon. After his father's death in 1863, he took his new wife and baby to Paris, where he studied with Jean-Georges Vibert and copied the Old Masters at the Louvre.

In 1865, after some financial hardships, he presented two paintings at the Salon and, the following year, achieved success when one of his works was purchased by Mathilde Bonaparte for 5,000 francs. He then decided to concentrate on costumed figures, mostly from the 18th century, and was awarded a contract for three canvases per month at an annual salary of 25,000 francs.

Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1847 - 1928, AMERICAN

ARAB WOMEN ON A ROOFTOP, ALGIERS BEYOND

Oil on canvas

17 7/8 by 30 3/4 in., 45.4 by 78.1 cm

Private collection

He was named a knight in the Legion of Honour in 1893 and many wealthy people among his clients; notably Cornelius Vanderbilt, who paid 100,000 francs for one of his works at the Palais de l'Industrie in 1893. He also painted many notable people in period costume.

Toward the end of his life, he turned to religious subjects, producing a tableau of 22 paintings depicting the Passion of Christ. After his death, in 1921, they were the subject of a special showing at the Salon. Six years later, the Musée Roybet Fould was established in Courbevoie by Consuelo Fould, who owned a large number of Roybet's paintings. More on Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 38

Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet, 1840-1920, FRENCH

DETAIL, THE FAVORITE OF THE HAREM

Oil on panel

20 3/4 by 25 1/2 in., 52.7 by 64.8 cm

Private collection

Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet, 1840-1920, FRENCH

THE FAVORITE OF THE HAREM

Oil on panel

20 3/4 by 25 1/2 in., 52.7 by 64.8 cm

Private collection

Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet (12 April 1840, Uzès - 11 April 1920, Paris) was a French painter and engraver; best known for his historical and costume genre scenes. His father was the owner of a café and a liqueur manufacturer who moved his family to Lyon in 1846. He began by studying engraving at the École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon. After his father's death in 1863, he took his new wife and baby to Paris, where he studied with Jean-Georges Vibert and copied the Old Masters at the Louvre.

In 1865, after some financial hardships, he presented two paintings at the Salon and, the following year, achieved success when one of his works was purchased by Mathilde Bonaparte for 5,000 francs. He then decided to concentrate on costumed figures, mostly from the 18th century, and was awarded a contract for three canvases per month at an annual salary of 25,000 francs.

He was named a knight in the Legion of Honour in 1893 and many wealthy people among his clients; notably Cornelius Vanderbilt, who paid 100,000 francs for one of his works at the Palais de l'Industrie in 1893. He also painted many notable people in period costume.

Toward the end of his life, he turned to religious subjects, producing a tableau of 22 paintings depicting the Passion of Christ. After his death, in 1921, they were the subject of a special showing at the Salon. Six years later, the Musée Roybet Fould was established in Courbevoie by Consuelo Fould, who owned a large number of Roybet's paintings. More on Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 13

Sir William Russell Flint, R.A., P.R.W.S., 1880-1969

JASMIN

Watercolour and tempera on paper laid down on panel

33 by 61cm., 13 by 24in.

Sir William Russell Flint (4 April 1880 – 30 December 1969) was a Scottish artist and illustrator who was known especially for his watercolour paintings of women. He also worked in oils, tempera, and printmaking. He was born in Edinburgh then educated at Daniel Stewart's College and Edinburgh Institution. From 1894 to 1900 Flint apprenticed as a lithographic draughtsman while taking classes at the Royal Institute of Art, Edinburgh. From 1900 to 1902 he worked as a medical illustrator in London while studying part-time at Heatherley's Art School. He furthered his art education by studying independently at the British Museum. 

Flint was elected president of Britain’s Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours (now the Royal Watercolour Society) in 1936 to 1956, and knighted in 1947. More on Sir William Russell Flint

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 36

Raphael von Ambros, 1845-1895, AUSTRIAN

THE BAKER'S SHOP, CAIRO, c. 1889

Oil on panel

38.5 by 47cm., 15¼ by 18½in.

Private collection

Von Ambros established his reputation as a masterful observer of scenes of everyday life in Cairo, painted with the greatest attention to verisimilitude and detail.  

Here,  a woman wearing a black niqāb and a lapis lazuli necklace serves refreshments of freshly baked Egyptian flat bread known as aish baladi and bowls of milk or water bread to passers-by. Opening on to the street, her stall offers other local produce, including eggs and vegetables.


Von Ambros settled in Paris where he found a ready market for his Egyptian subjects. Inspired by his first hand observations during his travels, he was aided by sketches and no doubt by photography. More on this painting

Born in Prague, Raphael von Ambros was a pupil of Hans Makart (1840-1884) at the famous Vienna Academy, where he would have studied alongside an extraordinary generation of Orientalist painters such as Jean Discart (French, 1856-1944), Ludwig Deutsch (1855-1935) and Rudolf Ernst (1854-1932). Like his contemporaries, Ambros found the perfect audience for his Cairo street scenes at the Paris Salon, where he exhibited from 1887. More on Raphael von Ambros

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 37

Paul Joanowits, 1859 - 1957, SERBIAN

BASHI-BAZOUKS BEFORE A GATEWAY,  circa 1887-88

Oil on panel

46 by 35cm., 18 by 14¾in.

Private collection

Bashi-bazouks were irregulars in the Ottoman army and hailed from lands across the Ottoman empire, from Egypt to the Balkans. The strain on the Ottoman feudal system caused by the Empire's wide expanse required heavier reliance on irregular soldiers. They were armed and maintained by the government, but did not receive pay and did not wear uniforms or distinctive badges. Because not formally trained, they could not serve in major military operations, but were useful for other tasks such as reconnaissance and outpost duty.

The two soldiers, in all their regalia, converse in an Egyptian setting, the gate topped by Mamluk carvings and flanked by East African 'Grandees' chairs', amalgams of Mamluk, Portuguese, and Indian influence. Both men are armed with Ottoman flintlock rifles from Algeria, and the standing guard smokes an Ottoman chibouk pipe with a tophane bowl. On the left, a seventeenth-century Ottoman Tulip-period Tombak ewer rests on the arm of one of the chairs. More on Bashi-bazouks

Paul Joanowits, 1859 - 1957, was born in Vršac, formerly southern Hungary and today Serbia. He studied at the Vienna Academy from 1876 to 1883 under K. L.Müller. From there he sent his first painting to the art society in Budapest, earning him a Hungarian state scholarship. Like his teacher, he painted oriental images, in Vienna and later in Munich. During the late 19th century he painted scenes of the Serbian uprising for King Alexander of Serbia. Back in Vienna, his main interest lay in painting portraits, amongst which is a picture of Emperor Francis Joseph I. Joanovitch exhibited in Vienna, Munich and Berlin and today his works can be found in museums in Belgrade, Budapest, London, Munich and Vienna. More on Paul Joanowits

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01 Painting by the Orientalist Artists of the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 35

Edmund Aubrey Hunt, 1855 - 1922, AMERICAN

ARAB FANTASIA

Oil on canvas laid on panel 

37.5 by 54.5cm., 14¾ by 21½in.

Private collection

Fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Maghreb performed during cultural festivals and to close Maghrebi wedding celebrations. "Fantasia" is an imported name, the actual traditional term used is lab el baroud.

The performance consists of a group of horse riders, all wearing traditional clothes, who charge along a straight path at the same speed so as to form a line, and then at the end of the charge (about two hundred meters) fire into the sky using old muskets or muzzle-loading rifles The difficulty of the performance is in synchronizing the movement of the horses during acceleration of the charge, and especially in firing the guns simultaneously so that one single shot is heard. The horse is referred to as a fantasia horse and are of Arabian, Andalusian or Barb stock. More on Fantasia 

Edmund Aubrey Hunt, 1855-1922, was an active exhibitor. He was elected a member of the Society of British Artists in 1884, a society of which JW was President between 1886 and 1888.

JW greatly admired Hunt's work. In 1881 he wrote to Charles Deschamps: 'Now about Aubrey Hunt - I want Sir Coutts very much to see his picture - I am sure that it will be charming and really most important in the Grosvenor - His work is most brilliant and full of delightful quality - far more artistically rare than all the Ellis and Easts and Wyllies... put together'. Hunt was amongst those invited to a dinner organised by W. C. Symons to congratulate JW on becoming an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Munich, a dinner which was to be held at the Criterion in Piccadilly on 1 May 1889. More on Edmund Aubrey Hunt

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01 Painting by the Orientalist Artists of the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 34

Henri Rousseau, 1875-1933, FRENCH

THE GAZELLE HUNT

Oil on canvas

54.5 by 73cm., 21 by 28in.

Private collection

Henri Rousseau Henry, Emilien Rousseau (Cairo 1875 - Aix-en-Provence in 1933) was an Orientalist painter. A pupil of Jean-Léon Gérôme at the Beaux Arts in Paris, he won the second Grand Prix de Rome in 1900 and a travel grant at the Salon of French Artists. He traveled to Belgium, the Netherlands, North Africa, Spain and Italy where he admired the great masters (Rubens, Rembrandt, Velasquez, Murillo, the Titian, Raphael etc ...)

After this initiatory journey, he settled in Versailles and set up his studio at the Villa des Arts in Paris. In 1919 he moved to Aix in Provence with his large family (seven children). Knight of the Legion of Honour in arts. His work  is dedicated to Tunisia, Algeria and especially Morocco, Provence and the Camargue remained its anchor points. His success was with a bourgeois and wealthy clientele, where he sold his work at numerous exhibitions in Paris, Brussels, Stockholm, Marseilles. More Henri Rousseau

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 33

Alberto Pasini, 1826 - 1899, ITALIAN

MARKET IN CONSTANTINOPLE

Oil on canvas

38.5 by 46cm., 15¼ by 18¼in.

Private collection

It is common to think that the western terminus of the Silk Road was Rome in Italy. However, whilst Rome was indeed an important destination for Chinese silk during the first two or three centuries of the Silk Road (perhaps until 200 AD), from the 4th century onwards, the “Rome” to which all roads led in the Mediterranean world was “Eastern Rome” or Constantinople. Even in its long centuries of decline down to its conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the wealth of Constantinople was legendary, and its location ensured it a very important role in the trade with the East. Renamed Istanbul under the Turks, the city again became the capital of a great empire and played a central role in east-west cultural and economic exchange. More on the MARKET IN CONSTANTINOPLE

Alberto Pasini (Busseto, 3 September 1826 – Cavoretto, 15 December 1899) was an Italian painter. He was enrolled at the age of 17 years, in the Academy of Fine Art of Parma, studying landscape painting and drawing. In Parma, he was helped early on by Antonio Pasini, who painted for the local nobility and collaborated with the publishing house established by Giovanni Battista Bodoni. By 1852, he exhibited a series of thirty designs, made into lithographs, depicting various castles around Piacenza, Lunigiana and Parma. He was noticed by the artist Paolo Toschi, who encouraged Pasini to travel to Paris, where Pasini first joined the workshop of Charles and Eugène Ciceri, of the so-called School of Barbizon.

In 1853 his lithograph of The Evening gained him admittance to the Paris Salon, and to the workshop of the famous Théodore Chassériau. The eruption of the Crimean War offered a new opportunity, when in February 1855, this latter painter recommended Pasini to replace him on the entourage of the French plenipotentiary minister Nicolas Prosper Bourée to Persia. Pasini accompanied him, returning through the north of Persia and Armenia before reaching the port of Trebizond. In subsequent trips, he visited Egypt, the Red Sea, Arabia, Istanbul, and Persia. Pasini parlayed his exposures during this trip into numerous highly detailed paintings of orientalist subjects. He left again for Istanbul in October 1867, summoned by the French Ambassador Bourée. He returned to Turkey in 1876 to execute the four paintings commissioned by Sultan Abdul Aziz. He was about to return to Istanbul the next year, when his patron, the Sultan, died.

In 1865, he spent some time in Cannes, painted landscapes of the Riviera. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he returned to Italy, settling in Cavoretto, on the hills around Turin. He continued to travel, closer to his home, with trips to Venice and two sojourns in Spain in 1879 and 1883. More Alberto Pasini 

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01 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 32

Victor Huguet, 1835 - 1902, FRENCH

Riders in a Ravine 

Oil on canvas

118 by 100cm., 46½ by 39¼in.

Private collection

Victor Pierre Huguet , born Lude the 1 st May 1835 and died in Paris August 16, 1902, was a French, landscape and genre painter.. He was a pupil of Emile Loubon in Marseille and received advice from Fromentin in Paris.

In 1852, aged 17, he traveled to Egypt, then to Crimea where he accompanied Durand-Brager before the siege of Sebastopol. He was profoundly influenced by the landscapes he passes through and that will influence his inspiration to Orientalism, where he soon made a name. Discovering Algeria a few years later, he drew from many sources of inspiration.

He exhibited at the Salons de Marseille and Paris in 1859 and the Salon of French Orientalist Painters at its inception in 1893. He was the leading Orientalist artists of Provence. More Victor Pierre Huguet

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